While we have posted here about
exporting obsidian samples for chemical sourcing – in order to determine which
volcano the obsidian came from – I realized that we never posted anything about
the results.
Chemical sourcing techniques measure
the amount of different elements in a sample. Since different volcanoes (or even
different eruptions from the same volcano) have difference “fingerprints” of
rarer elements, archaeological samples can then be matched to their source area
this way. We used two different techniques, XRF (by Adrian Burke) and INAA (by
the MURR lab), which agreed pretty well for the subset of samples which were analyzed
both ways.
Getting from the results of the sourcing
analyses to the actual frequencies of obsidian from different sources at the Calixtlahuaca
ended up being a multi-step process due to how we selected samples. First, the obsidian
that we found included both grey and green pieces. Since green obsidian in
Central Mexico is almost always from the Pachuca source in Hidalgo and is easy
to visually identify, we only selected a few pieces from each household for
analysis, just to confirm that that it came from Pachuca – and it did! This means
that the actual percentage of Pachuca obsidian at the site is what we identified
visually, not the much lower number in the sourcing results. Second, when we
picked the grey obsidian samples, we tried to get pieces representing different
production techniques and artifact types for each household, but the resulting
samples weren’t necessarily representative of the different artifact types in
the parent assemblage. When we got out results back, we realized that most of
our grey obsidian blades were from Ucareo in Michoacan, while most our grey
obsidian bifaces and flakes were from Otumba, in the Basin of Mexico. As a
result, we also had to correct our frequencies to account for the types of
lithic technologies in our sourcing samples (using Brad Andrew’s typological
lithic analysis data). This is why you should think very carefully about your
sampling strategy before you select artifacts; your results are only as
representative as your samples were!
Once we did all that, our results
showed that most of the obsidian at Calixtlahuaca came from three sources;
Ucareo in the Tarascan Empire, and Otumba and Pachuca in the Aztec Empire. We also had occasional pieces from seven
other sources, including four pieces from minor Toluca Valley sources. The proportions
of the three major sources change over time, with increasing percentages of material
from the Aztec Pachuca and Otumba sources over time (Figure 1). However, for
all phases, the percentages of Ucareo obsidian at Calixtlahuaca are much higher
than at other sites in Central Mexico (Golitko and Feinman 2015). This might be
related to the presence of intrusive sites with Matlatzinca style ceramics near
the Ucareo source (Hernandez and Healan 2008).
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| Figure 1. The percentages of obsidian from difference sources at Calixtlahuaca over time, after various correction factors were applied. |
Another way to think about obsidian
source frequencies is whether the volume of obsidian at a site is changing over
time. One way to do this is to calculate the ratio of obsidian artifacts to
ceramic sherds. At Calixtlahuaca, the volume of obsidian reaching the site
during the Yata (LPC-B) phase drops, meaning that even though there is a higher
percentage of obsidian from Aztec sources, this is because there is less Ucareo
obsidian reaching the site, not because there is actually more Aztec obsidian
(Figure 2). This is interesting because it suggests that the near-total Aztec monopoly on obsidian at other sites might have been due to cutting off access to other sources, rather than flooding the market with increased supply.
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| Figure 2. The frequencies of obsidian from difference sources per 1000 sherds over time at Calixtlahuaca |
Works Cited:
Golitko, Mark and Gary M. Feinman
2015 Procurement and Distribution of
Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican Obsidian 900 BC-AD 1520: a Social Network Analysis. Journal
of Archaeological Method and Theory 2015(22):206-247.
Hernández, Christine L. and Dan M. Healan
2008 The Role of Late Pre-Contact Colonial
Enclaves in the Development of the Postclassic Ucareo Valley, Michoacan,
Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 19(2):265-282.
